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Cabañeros

Cabañeros National Park

History of Cabañeros

How a mountain range that belonged to a city, then to a few people and almost became a firing range ended up belonging to everyone.

Start at the beginning12 chapters with drawings · 12 more minutes if you open the full texts

1In a few dates

From one city to everyone

From the Palaeolithic to thirty years of the national park, in fourteen dates. Scroll down slowly: the map changes hands with each one.

Toledo ↗← MéridaCórdoba ↓For saleFor saleFor saleFor saleFor saleCentral rañaTorre de Abraham+1,837 ha63,1 %30HorcajoNavas de EstenaRetuertaAlcobaPueblonuevoSanta Quiteria

Current boundary of the park (OpenStreetMap). The pieces, the roads and the raña are a sketch. © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).

  1. Palaeolithic

    First known settlers of the Montes de Toledo, on the river terraces.

  2. Bronze Age

    Fortified settlements on the tops of the hills, around the plain of Alcoba and Porzuna.

  3. Roman era

    Roads between Toledo, Mérida and Córdoba that largely follow the line of the Cañada Real Segoviana.

  4. 1246

    Ferdinand III sells the Montes to the city of Toledo for 45,000 maravedíes. Almost six centuries of Toledan rule begin.

  5. 1829

    The Montes separate from Toledo and are divided into 16 municipalities.

  6. 1860

    The «dehesas» are auctioned and pass into private hands.

  7. 1941

    The purchase of seven estates, forming the great latifundio called «Cabañeros», is completed.

  8. The 1960s

    6,000 hectares of the central raña are ploughed and the Torre de Abraham reservoir is built.

  9. The 1980s

    The plan for an Air Force firing range comes to light and popular mobilisation stops it.

  10. 1988

    The regional government of Castilla-La Mancha declares Cabañeros a natural park (11 July).

  11. 1995

    The Cortes declare it a national park (Law 33/1995, of 20 November).

  12. 2005

    The park grows with 1,837 hectares of public woodland from Los Navalucillos, to the present 40,856.

  13. 2023

    With the purchases of El Chorrito and Robledo de los Charcos, 63.1 % of the park is now publicly owned.

  14. 2025

    The national park turns 30 (20 November).

2Prehistory

Quartzite walls and houses of branches

The first inhabitants camped by the rivers. In the Bronze Age they moved up to the hills and used the rock crests as walls.1

A wall that came ready-made

In the Bronze Age they built their villages on hilltops and used the quartzite crests as walls; they closed the gaps with masonry and rammed earth.2 There are several around the plain of Alcoba and Porzuna, one of them inside the park.

Quartzite crestMasonry and rammed earthHutsThe plain, under watch

From cabaña (hut) to Cabañeros

Shepherds and charcoal burners went on living in similar huts until the mid-20th century.3 They gave their name to the place and, later, to the park.

  1. Lower Palaeolithic

    By the water

    Camps on the river terraces. So much worked stone turned up in Porzuna that there must have been a workshop there.4

  2. Middle Palaeolithic

    Three sites

    Around the park: Pueblonuevo del Bullaque, Porzuna and Horcajo de los Montes.5

  3. Bronze Age

    Up on the hills

    Fortified villages to keep watch over the passes of the Montes. The remains of one are on top of the Plaza de los Moros.

    The route
Read the full text1 min

The first settlers

Human presence in the Montes de Toledo is very ancient. The first known settlements date from the Lower Palaeolithic: groups that chose river terraces and alluvial fans, close to water. At Las Tiñosillas and Las Casas del Río, in Porzuna, so much worked stone material has turned up (hand axes, cleavers, scrapers) that a workshop is thought to have been there. From the Middle Palaeolithic there are three sites around the park, in Pueblonuevo del Bullaque, Porzuna and Horcajo de los Montes.

In the Bronze Age people climbed up to the hills. They built fortified settlements using the quartzite crests as walls and filling the gaps with rubble masonry and rammed earth. The plain of Alcoba and Porzuna is ringed by these hill-forts, some inside the park, surely to watch over the pass through the Montes. The piles of stones at the top of the Plaza de los Moros, at Horcajo, are the remains of one of them.

Even then people lived in huts, similar to those that shepherds and charcoal burners went on using until the mid-20th century. The name of the place and of the park comes from them: Cabañeros.

Conical hut of branches and straw among the vegetation
A hut with a plant-fibre roof, like those that gave Cabañeros its name.

3Roads and frontier

A crossing between Toledo, Mérida and Córdoba

The roads from Toledo to Mérida and to Córdoba crossed the Montes, and many were already old when Rome arrived. Centuries later, this was a frontier.

Roads that were already old

Kingdom of CastileAl-AndalusFrontier landTagusGuadianaMontes de ToledoToledoMéridaCórdobaCabañeros100 km

The Romans consolidated the roads between Toledo and Mérida and between Toledo and Córdoba. For much of the way, their course is that of the Cañada Real Segoviana.6

Between the 11th and 13th centuries this was frontier land, almost no man's land. From that time comes the story of Carchena, who with his «golfines» resisted the Christian resettlement.7

Cities and park in their places; the roads, in outline.

Read the full text1 min

Romans, Visigoths and Arabs

The Romans consolidated the roads that crossed the Montes between Toledo and Mérida and between Toledo and Córdoba. Many already existed, and their line largely coincides with today’s drove roads, above all with the Cañada Real Segoviana, which can still be walked on a park route.

With the Visigoths came Christianisation, and with it the power of the Church as a landowner, something that, according to the guide, would end up helping to preserve the Montes. After the Muslim conquest, the region formed part of the Caliphate of Córdoba and later of the taifa of Toledo. Between the 11th and 13th centuries it was frontier land, almost no-man’s-land. From that time comes the story of Carchena, a king who, at the head of the «golfines», a community of Christians, Muslims and Jews, stubbornly opposed Christian resettlement. Remains survive from then or from the Reconquista, such as the Torre de Abraham, which gives its name to the reservoir and to one of the visitor centres.

4Toledo

Seven centuries as a city's woodland

In 1246 Ferdinand III sold the Montes to the city of Toledo for 45,000 maravedís.8 Toledo governed them until 1829 with ordinances that forbade almost everything.

What the ordinances allowed

Toledo told apart the citizen of the city from the people who lived in the Montes, and the monte pardo from the monte bravo and grueso.9

The citizens of Toledo

  • Timber, firewood and charcoal for their homes
  • Some livestock and beehives
  • Clearing and sowing

The people of the villages of the Montes

  • Slash-and-burn plots in the monte pardo, abandoned afterwards
  • Cutting in the monte bravo and grueso
  • Owning anything at all

Monte pardo. Rockrose and heather scrub

Monte bravo and grueso. Mature forests of holm oak, cork oak, Portuguese oak and Pyrenean oak

Out of every twelve, one for Toledo

From the bread sown to the lambs, the cheese, the wool or the swarms: a twelfth of everything taken went to the city.10

Toledo11 for homeBreadLambCheeseWoolSwarm

And on top of that: Portazgo of the Marchés pass, a toll for going through; Acogido de ganados, for transhumant livestock.

Read the full text1 min

The history that explains today’s Cabañeros begins in 1243, when the Church exchanged the Montes with King Ferdinand III. Three years later, in 1246, the king sold them to the city of Toledo for 45,000 maravedíes. Hence the name: Montes de Toledo.

For almost six centuries, until 1829, the city governed them with very strict ordinances. The people of Toledo could take timber, firewood and charcoal for their own use, put in some livestock and keep beehives, but could not plough or cultivate. The inhabitants of the few villages of the Montes, who owned nothing, could only clear patches to sow in the «monte pardo» (rockrose and heath scrub) and then abandon them; they could not cut in the «monte bravo» or the «monte grueso», the mature woods of holm oak, cork oak, Portuguese oak and Pyrenean oak. And of everything they produced, from bread to lambs, cheese, wool or swarms of bees, they paid Toledo a twelfth: the dozavo.

To that were added other taxes, such as the toll at the Marchés pass, for passing through, or the «acogido de ganados», which taxed transhumance. It was an unfair system and a source of constant conflict, which also held back the growth of the villages. But, together with the rugged terrain, it is also the reason why these mountains reached the 19th century much better preserved than others.

Several cylindrical cork beehives in the open air
Traditional cork and esparto beehives. Beehives were among the few uses that the Toledo ordinances allowed. Photo: Carlos Martín-Delgado Suárez, CC BY-SA 3.0.

51829

Free from Toledo, and up for sale

In 1829 the villages stopped paying the dozavo and the Montes were split into 16 municipalities.11 What was not shared out was divided into dehesas to be sold.

From one woodland to sixteen municipalities

Each inhabited place kept its own municipality. The rañas, the best land for sowing, were largely ploughed up, and the rest was divided into cuarteles or dehesas to be sold.12

The Montes de ToledoFor saleFor saleFor saleFor sale12345678910111213141516
  1. 1820Manifesto of the villages to the Cortes
  2. 1823-1837Seigniorial rights are abolished
  3. 1829Separation from Toledo
  4. 1860The dehesas go to auction

Where the human hand shows

Even today, the mark is strong on the rañas near the villages, weaker on the distant ones and minimal on the high sierras, where the ordinances allowed neither clearing nor grazing.13

VillageA lotLessAlmost none

Raña near the village. Centuries of ploughing, clearing and grazing. Hardly any trees are left.

Distant raña. Pasture and scattered holm oaks, with more woodland the further away you go.

The high sierra. The forests held out. All that remains are stumps, paths and charcoal hearths from the charcoal burning of the early 20th century.

Read the full text1 min

The separation from Toledo and the sale of the woodlands

At the end of the 18th century, with an air of Enlightenment, the villages of the Montes began to ask for their separation. In the Manifesto of 1820 they rejected before the Cortes their vassalage to Toledo, and in 1821 a memorial by Francisco Martínez Robles described their inhabitants as «weighed down by bad administration». Between 1823 and 1837 seigniorial rights were abolished.

In 1829 the Montes were freed from the ordinances and from the dozavo and were divided into 16 municipalities, one for each inhabited place. Alongside the villages, land was shared out among the villagers to cultivate, and since the best land for farming was the rañas, much of it was ploughed. The rest was divided into «cuarteles» or «dehesas» to be sold.

Before the sale, until 1860, those dehesas were in the hands of the city’s creditors, who exploited them to recover their debts, now without the brake of the ordinances. Clearing by fire on the raña was left behind, scrub was thinned to make pasture, charcoal burning soared and the first timber was taken from the woods of the mountains. In 1859 the ten dehesas of southern Cabañeros were dominated by rockrose and heath.

A pile of firewood stacked in a dome shape to make charcoal
Building a traditional charcoal clamp, in Bádenas (Teruel). Charcoal burning was one of the most important activities of the Montes. Photo: Juan Emilio Prades Bel, CC BY-SA 4.0.

It can still be seen today: the human mark is strong on the rañas near the villages, weaker on the distant ones and minimal on the tops of the mountains, where the ordinances did not allow clearing or grazing and the woods have survived. Even so, in those woods there remain old stumps, paths and charcoal clamps from the early 20th century.

6Hunting estates

The great hunting estates

The dehesas went to auction in 1860 and gradually fell into a few hands. The last purchase, in 1941, joined seven estates into one: Cabañeros.14

1900: many people, little land

25,600 people lived in the Montes with 131,500 hectares to make a living. Right next to them, another 183,750 hectares, split into 112 estates, could not even be set foot on.15

131,500 ha25,600 people183,750 ha112 fenced estates

Each dot, 200 people. The rectangles, to scale.

  • 7

    estates bought one after another until 1941 to form the Cabañeros latifundium16

  • 1.300

    fewer inhabitants each year in the district between 1960 and 196517

  • ×4

    what woodland came to be worth compared with farmland, because it was good for hunting18

Read the full text1 min

In 1860 the dehesas were auctioned. Already in those first sales concentration began: the successive purchase of seven properties, which was completed in 1941, gave rise to the great latifundio called «Cabañeros», whose perimeter basically coincides with what would later be the natural park.

The segregation left two worlds: the villages’ lands and an immense area of estates bought by the upper bourgeoisie, almost all resident in Madrid, where traditional uses came to an end and access was closed. In 1900, 25,600 people lived in the Montes with 131,500 hectares to make a living from, while another 183,750 hectares, spread over 112 estates, were not even accessible. Until the Civil War the population grew and the available land did not, and social conflict was strong. Afterwards, under autarky, the estates gave work for almost fifteen years to shepherds, goatherds, woodcutters and charcoal burners.

From the 1950s depopulation arrived: between 1960 and 1965 the region lost 1,300 inhabitants a year. And from the 1980s, woodland could be worth up to four times as much as farmland, because it served for hunting. Hunting became the great use of these estates.

7Agrarian reform

Six thousand hectares of raña under the plough

Cabañeros was one of the estates chosen by the Instituto Nacional de Colonización. In the early sixties the woodland was ripped out from 6,000 hectares of the central raña.19

Two years of tractors

The reports of 1954 proposed clearing 6,000 hectares of the central raña. It was done in the early sixties, in two years of removing scrub and trees.20

6.000

hectares cleared

In those years the Torre de Abraham reservoir was built and more than 7,000 hectares of the surrounding land were put under irrigation.21

How the holm oak woodland became a savannah

Read the full text1 min

The agrarian reform and the raña

At the end of 1947 the National Institute of Colonisation began to study the expropriation of estates in the Montes de Toledo, and Cabañeros, because of its size, was one of those chosen. The reports of 1954 proposed ploughing 6,000 hectares of the central raña, and at the start of the 1960s it was done: two years of clearing scrub and trees.

In those same years the Torre de Abraham reservoir was built in the north-east, and more than 7,000 hectares of the surrounding area were put under irrigation.

Group of red deer on a grass plain dotted with holm oaks
The Cabañeros raña, with red deer. Photo: Virginia Torralba, CC BY-SA 4.0.

8Firing range

The firing range that never was

In the early eighties it came out that the Air Force wanted a firing range in Cabañeros. Local people and environmentalists protested so much that the project ended up in a drawer.

From target to park

Hardly anyone knew about the natural values of Cabañeros back then; at most its raña, which looked like the African plains.22

Not in CabañerosYes to the parkNot in CabañerosNo
  1. The plan
  2. The protest
  3. Natural park, 1988

Depending on who tells it

Three dates for the same project. The ending, though, is the same in all of them.

  1. 1981

    The park's visitor guide, in its introduction23

  2. 1982

    The park's website, in its history24

  3. 1983

    The same visitor guide, in the chapter on the declaration25

Read the full text1 min

At the beginning of the 1980s the plan came to light to install a firing range for the Air Force in Cabañeros. The sources do not agree on the exact year: the park’s own guide speaks of 1981 in one chapter and of 1983 in another, and the park website places the start of the mobilisation in June 1982. What all of them do tell is that the controversy reached the local, national and international press, and that the opposition of the villagers and of environmental groups was so intense that the project did not go ahead.

Curiously, almost nobody knew the natural values of Cabañeros at the time. As the guide says, at most its great raña landscape, which recalled the African plains.

On 3 June 1987, the government of Castilla-La Mancha ordered the start of the procedure to protect it, and on 11 July 1988 it declared it a natural park, with 26,615 hectares. The idea of the firing range was abandoned.

9National park

From natural park to national park

Natural park in 1988, national park in 1995 and a little bigger in 2005. In twenty years, what is more, the cinereous vulture went from 82 to 204 pairs.26

A park that grows

From the 26,615 hectares of the natural park it went to 39,019 with the national park, and in 2005 another 1,837 of public woodland from Los Navalucillos were added.27

1988 · Natural park26,615 ha1995 · National park39,019 ha2005 · With Los Navalucillos40,856 ha

Squares to scale by area.

Cinereous vulture: from 82 to 204 pairs

The cinereous vulture colony of Cabañeros is one of the largest in the world.28

82204 pairs

The first big jump in public land

Between 1999 and 2001 the Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales bought four estates, and public land went from 28.7 % to 55.2 % of the park.29

Before 199928.7 %

In 200155.2 %

Read the full text1 min

In January 1993 the regional government asked for Cabañeros to be a national park, as an example of the systems tied to Mediterranean woodland. In March 1995 it approved the natural resources management plan of Cabañeros-Rocigalgo, which concluded that it had to be protected in this way, and in April the Council of Ministers sent the draft law to the Cortes. Law 33/1995, of 20 November, declared Cabañeros National Park, with 39,019 hectares.

The law had one particular feature: after a ruling of the Constitutional Court in June 1995, management was entrusted to a joint commission of the State and the autonomous community, something the other parks did not have. In 2004 another ruling established that management should be the responsibility of the autonomous communities.

Since then the park has kept growing and changing. In 2005 it was joined by 1,837 hectares of public woodland from Los Navalucillos, up to today’s 40,856. Between 1999 and 2001 the Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales bought four estates, and public land went from 28.7 % to 55.2 % of the park. And the Cinereous Vulture colony, one of the largest in the world, went from 82 pairs in 1995 to 204 in 2015, according to the park newsletter of that year.

10Recent years

More and more everyone's

The park was declared on estates that were almost all private, and the State is buying them up. In 2023 public land reached 63.1 %.30

Who owns Cabañeros today

After the purchases of 2021 and 2023, 63.1 % of the park is public.31

63.1 % public

  • Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales 55.2 %
  • Public-utility woodland 7.4 %
  • Regional government 0.4 %
  • Private estates 36.9 %

Reaching agreement with the private estates is, according to the park itself, one of its great unfinished challenges.

The purchases of recent years

  1. 2021

    Valle de Candilejos

    706 ha

    Robledo de los Charcos now links it to Piedras Picadas32

  2. 2023

    El Chorrito

    1,568 ha

    Between Horcajo and Alcoba, with cinereous vulture nests and peat-bog heathland33

  3. 2023

    Robledo de los Charcos

    706 ha

    In Navas de Estena, with holly, birch and ash34

Who has run it

Seven people have been in charge of the park.35

  1. 1José Jiménez García-Herrera1988–2006
  2. 2Manuel Carrasco Redondo2006–2013
  3. 3Antonio Ruiz Serrano2013–2014
  4. 4Carlos Rodríguez Vigal2014–2018
  5. 5Ángel Gómez Manzaneque2018–2023
  6. 6María Jesús Sánchez Soler2023–2025
  7. 7Carolina Sánchez-Molero Olivares2026–today

What has happened

  1. 2009

    The worst moment

    A fire burned some 370 hectares. «When I saw the column of smoke rising I thought it was the end of the Park», Ángel Gómez Manzaneque recalled.36

  2. 2025

    Remembering the struggle

    On 24 April Alcoba opened the «Lucha por Cabañeros» (Fight for Cabañeros) promenade and a monument to those who stopped the firing range.37

  3. 2025

    Thirty years

    The national park turned 30 on 20 November. 1,384 people took part in the month of activities.38

  4. 2025

    Works

    More than 14 million euros: watchtowers, a forest fire truck, the lynx and the Anchurones farmhouse, restored with its Arab tiles.39

Read the full text2 min

The last few years

More and more public land. The national park was declared over estates that were almost all private, and the State has been buying. After the purchases of 1999 to 2001 came those of the Valle de Candilejos (706 ha, in 2021), El Chorrito (1,568 ha, in 2023, between Horcajo and Alcoba, with Cinereous Vulture nests and peat-bog heathland) and Robledo de los Charcos (706 ha, in 2023, in Navas de Estena, with hollies, birches and ash trees), which links the Valle de Candilejos with Piedras Picadas. In three years public land went from 55 % to 63.1 %: 55.2 % belonging to the Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, 7.4 % to public-utility woodlands and 0.4 % to the regional government. The rest is still private, and the management agreement with those estates is, according to the park itself, one of its great pending challenges.

Fires and wounds that close. The fire of 2009 was, according to Ángel Gómez Manzaneque, the worst moment of his time: «when I saw the column of smoke rising I thought the Park was finished». It ended up at about 370 hectares. The same director, on retiring, was glad to see areas that used to be pine plantation turning into Pyrenean oak and Portuguese oak woods.

Those who have run it. Seven people have headed the park: José Jiménez García-Herrera (1988–2006), Manuel Carrasco Redondo (2006–2013), Antonio Ruiz Serrano (2013–2014), Carlos Rodríguez Vigal (2014–2018), Ángel Gómez Manzaneque (2018–2023), María Jesús Sánchez Soler (2023–2025) and Carolina Sánchez-Molero Olivares, director since February 2026. Antonio Salinas, who chaired the Governing Board of the natural park (1988–1995) and the Board of Trustees of the national park (1996–2011), died on 26 July 2025, aged 76.

The memory of the struggle. On 24 April 2025 Alcoba opened the «Lucha por Cabañeros» promenade and a monolith in honour of those who stopped the firing range, with José Salgado, mayor at the time, and the parish priest Urbano Patón among those present. That November the national park turned 30, with an event at the Horcajo visitor centre on the 20th and a month of activities in which 1,384 people took part.

Recent works. In 2025 alone more than 14 million euros were invested in the park: two fire lookout towers, a forestry truck, the restoration of estates, projects for the lynx and the refurbishment of the Anchurones farmhouse, one of the best-known rural buildings in the park, which has been restored with its Arab roof tiles and its stone and is now used by the park administration.

All this comes from the «Desde el parque» newsletters of 2023 to 2026 (all the newsletters) (in Spanish).

11Trades

Life in the Montes

Charcoal, livestock, a little cereal, honey and cork. That is what the people of the Montes lived on for centuries, in huts that are now circles of stone.

Five woodland trades

  • Charcoal burning

    Holm oak and heather wood, from the raña and the sierra, turned into charcoal. The screes were the chosen spot for the charcoal kilns.40

    Today. Charcoal hearths from the early 20th century are still found in the forests.

  • Herding

    After the war, the estates gave work for almost fifteen years to shepherds and goatherds, as well as woodcutters and charcoal burners.41

    Today. It still survives in the Montes.42

  • Farming

    A little cereal to eat: on the cleared plots of the monte pardo and, from 1829, on the land shared out next to the villages.

  • Beekeeping

    Beehives were one of the few things Toledo's ordinances allowed.

    Today. It goes on, on the park's public land too.

  • Cork stripping

    The bark of the cork oak is cork, and it is taken off without cutting the tree down.

    Today. Only on the park's private estates.

To see it up close

  • Casa Palillos ethnographic trail

    A drinking trough, a waterwheel, a beehive, a charcoal kiln, a threshing floor and the typical huts of the area.43

    Go

  • Alcoba ethnographic museum

    Traditional tools of the district.44

    Go
Read the full text1 min

The activities that kept the people of the Montes going for centuries were charcoal burning, herding and subsistence farming, together with beekeeping and cork stripping from the cork oaks. Today cork stripping is only practised on the park’s private estates; beekeeping also on public land.

Of the huts hardly any remain except the restored ones, but in many places you can still see «hut floors», the stone circles that mark where small settlements stood. To get to know this way of life up close:

  • The Casa Palillos ethnographic path, with a watering trough, a water wheel, a beehive, a charcoal kiln, a threshing floor and the typical huts of the area.
  • The ethnographic museum of Alcoba, with traditional implements of the region (see Alcoba).

12Flavours

Flavours of the Montes

What is eaten here comes from the same history: the olive oil, the honey from the hives Toledo allowed and the game of a century of hunting estates.

  • Olive oil

    Protected designation of origin Aceite Montes de Toledo, made only from Cornicabra olives.45

  • Honey

    The direct heir of the beehives the ordinances allowed.

  • Game

    What a century of hunting estates left on the plate.

  • Cheese

    An artisan cheese dairy in Los Navalucillos, a member of the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism.46

Read the full text1 min

The local products are the same ones that have fed the Montes for centuries. The oil has a protected designation of origin, Aceite Montes de Toledo, made only from the cornicabra olive. There is honey, a direct inheritance from the beehives that the ordinances allowed, and game meat, a consequence of a century of hunting estates. Among the businesses that belong to the park’s European Charter for Sustainable Tourism there is an artisan cheese dairy in Los Navalucillos and agri-food estates that can be visited; the park lists them in its information document.

To keep reading

Bibliography

  • OAPN (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, chapters «Declaración y normativa vigente» and «Prehistoria e historia de los montes». PDF
  • MITECO (2025). Información del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Historia y valores culturales». PDF
  • Parque Nacional de Cabañeros (2015). Desde el parque, December newsletter: «1995-2015, 20 años de la declaración del Parque Nacional». PDF
  • Newsletter «Desde el parque», Cabañeros National Park (OAPN): January–February, September–October and November–December 2023; November–December 2024; March–April, July–August and November–December 2025; January–February, March–April and July–August 2026 (in Spanish). All the newsletters.
  • MITECO. Parque Nacional de Cabañeros. Park website
  • Law 33/1995, of 20 November, declaring the Cabañeros National Park. BOE
  • Mercasa. Alimentos de España: DOP Aceite Montes de Toledo.

Notes

  1. 1Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Edad del Bronce», p. 24.
  2. 2Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Edad del Bronce»: fortifications with masonry and rammed-earth walls that make use of the quartzite crests, p. 24.
  3. 3Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los asentamientos», p. 25.
  4. 4Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Paleolítico»: the sites of Las Tiñosillas and Las Casas del Río, in Porzuna, p. 24.
  5. 5Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Paleolítico», p. 24.
  6. 6Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Época romana», p. 25.
  7. 7Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Época árabe», p. 26.
  8. 8Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Edad Media: el Dominio Señorial», p. 27.
  9. 9Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Edad Media: el Dominio Señorial», pp. 27-28.
  10. 10Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Edad Media: el Dominio Señorial», p. 28.
  11. 11Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «La separación del dominio de la ciudad de Toledo», p. 29.
  12. 12Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «La separación del dominio de la ciudad de Toledo», p. 29.
  13. 13Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «La separación del dominio de la ciudad de Toledo», p. 29.
  14. 14Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los latifundios cinegéticos», p. 32.
  15. 15Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los latifundios cinegéticos», p. 33.
  16. 16Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los latifundios cinegéticos», p. 32.
  17. 17Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los latifundios cinegéticos», p. 34.
  18. 18Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los latifundios cinegéticos», p. 34.
  19. 19Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «La reforma agraria», p. 34.
  20. 20Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «La reforma agraria», p. 34.
  21. 21Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «La reforma agraria», p. 34.
  22. 22Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Introducción», p. 13.
  23. 23Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Introducción», p. 13.
  24. 24Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, «Parque Nacional de Cabañeros: historia», section «Historia de su declaración».
  25. 25Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «¿Campo de tiro o Parque Natural?», p. 17.
  26. 26Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, December 2015 («1995-2015, 20 años de la declaración del Parque Nacional»), p. 2: the cinereous vulture went from 82 breeding pairs in 1995 to 204 in 2015.
  27. 27Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, December 2015 («1995-2015, 20 años de la declaración del Parque Nacional»), p. 2: from 26,615 to 39,019 hectares and, in 2005, 1,837 more.
  28. 28Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, December 2015 («1995-2015, 20 años de la declaración del Parque Nacional»), p. 2: the cinereous vulture colony.
  29. 29Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, December 2015 («1995-2015, 20 años de la declaración del Parque Nacional»), p. 2: public land went from 28.7 % to 55.2 %.
  30. 30Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, September–October 2023, p. 2: publicly owned land reaches 63.1 %.
  31. 31Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, September–October 2023, p. 2: 55.2 % OAPN, 7.4 % public-utility woodland and 0.4 % regional government.
  32. 32Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, September–October 2023, p. 2: purchases of 2021 and 2023.
  33. 33Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, January–February 2023, p. 2: the OAPN acquires 1,568 hectares.
  34. 34Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, September–October 2023, p. 2: the Robledo de los Charcos estate.
  35. 35Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, January–February 2026, p. 2: the seventh person in charge of the park.
  36. 36Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, November–December 2023, p. 3: interview with Ángel Gómez Manzaneque.
  37. 37Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, March–April 2025, p. 6: opening of the «Lucha por Cabañeros» promenade.
  38. 38Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, November–December 2025, p. 5: 30th anniversary of the national park.
  39. 39Newsletter «Desde el parque», Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, March–April 2026, p. 8: investment of more than 14 million euros in 2025.
  40. 40Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «La venta y sus consecuencias»: charcoal burning used holm oak and heather wood; the screes were the chosen spot, p. 31.
  41. 41Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los latifundios cinegéticos», p. 33.
  42. 42Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Los latifundios cinegéticos», p. 33, photo caption.
  43. 43Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Senda etnográfica», p. 145.
  44. 44Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (2011). Guía de visita del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Museo Etnográfico e información en Alcoba», p. 116.
  45. 45Mercasa, Alimentos de España: DOP Aceite Montes de Toledo.
  46. 46Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico (2025), Información del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, «Carta Europea de Turismo Sostenible».